In this systematic review of fMRI studies examining acute responses to experimentally administered psychedelics, we found both substantial evidence of methodological heterogeneity and convergent results.

We propose that hierarchical development along the S–A axis in humans is driven by a cascade of critical periods that culminate in association cortices during adolescence.
We also highlight advances in in vivo neuroimaging and computational approaches that can provide insights into the development of critical period mechanisms along the S–A axis in humans.

Despite the importance of the environment in shaping individual differences in cognitive neurodevelopment, it has been challenging to quantify the many interconnected features of a child's environment ('exposome'). Here, we leverage a large-scale dataset to investigate to demonstrate that the exposome is associated with individual differences in functional brain network organization and cognition. We find that models trained on a single variable capturing a child′s exposome can more accurately and parsimoniously predict future cognitive performance than models trained on a wealth of personalized neuroimaging data. This highlights the importance of childhood environments in shaping neurocognitive development.